Post by KenNiemann on Apr 5, 2006 15:13:46 GMT -5
Weekly mileage and heart disease risk factors.
Physical activity appears to reduce the risk of heart disease in men. Current physical activity guidelines emphasize the benefits of moderate amounts of moderately intense activity. Such activities expend 3 to 6 times more calories than sitting at rest.
Vigorously intense activity on the other hand, such as running, expends over six times as many calories as sitting at rest. To better understand the health effects of vigorous exercise, we examined the dose-response relationships between reported distance ran per week and heart disease risk factors in 8,290 men who participated in the National Runners' Health Study. The risk factors were obtained from medical records provided by the runners' physicians.
This graph shows how high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol is related to reported weekly distance ran. The height of the bar represents the average HDL-cholesterol level of men who had been grouped by their distance ran per week. The men's HDL-cholesterol concentrations increased significantly in association with each 10 mile increment in running distance between 0 and 49 miles ran per week.
Plasma HDL-cholesterol at levels of 60 mg/dL or more has been recognized by the National Cholesterol Education Program as providing some protection from heart attacks. In fact, it is sufficiently protective to eliminate the detrimental affects of one risk factor (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking, family history of premature heart disease, or being male over 45 years old). Compared to running under 10 miles per week, running over 40 miles per week was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in the percentage of men having high HDL-cholesterol (see graph on left). The proportion of men with this protective level increased significantly for each 10 mile increment in weekly mileage up to 49 miles per week.
The National Cholesterol Education Program has identified HDL-cholesterol of 35 mg/dL or less as a risk factor for heart attacks. The percentage of men with clinically-defined low HDL-cholesterol was six-fold greater in the lowest mileage group as compared to the highest mileage group (graph on right).
Fat in the blood is carried principally in the form of triglycerides. Higher plasma triglyceride levels are associated with increased heart disease risk. The figure at the left shows that running more miles was associated with significantly lower triglyceride levels.
The graph to the right displays the percentage of men who are hyperlipidemic. These were men who had either a high-risk low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level (over 160 mg/dL) or had reported taking cholesterol-lowering medications. Not only was running 50 or more miles per week associated with a 50% reduction in hyperlipidemia, but medication use for control of plasma cholesterol was also reduced significantly with mileage.
As seen in the graph, running over 50 miles per week was associated with nearly 50% less hypertension and 70% less use of medications for blood pressure control.
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of a person's weight compared to their height. It is widely used in epidemiological studies when a direct measurement of a person's fat is not available. It is calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of a person's height (in meters). A BMI of 25 or less is desirable, 25-30 is moderately overweight, and 30 or more is considered severely overweight. The graph on the right shows that men who ran a greater weekly distance were leaner.
Higher mileage runners also had narrower waists.
The graph to the right assesses the estimated impact of improved lipoprotein and blood pressure levels on the risk of a heart attack over a ten year period. There is a significant reduction in the predicted number of attacks with increasing weekly mileage. Estimated heart attack risk decreased significantly with each 10 mile increment in weekly distance up to 50 miles per week. Over the next ten years, men who run 40 or more miles per week are estimated to have 30 percent less risk of coronary heart disease (42 events per thousand men) than those who run less than 10 miles per week (61 events per thousand men).
Related Studies:
Williams PT. Health effects resulting from exercise versus those from body fat loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6 Suppl):S611-21
Williams PT. Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:754-61
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM Reduced LDL particle size in children consuming a very-low-fat diet is related to parental LDL-subclass pattern. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1611-1616
Williams PT, Krauss RM Low-fat diets, lipoprotein subclasses, and heart disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:992-1000 (Editorial)
Williams PT Lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity. JAMA 1999;282:1515 (letter)
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM A very low-fat diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large, low-density lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 411-8
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Campos H, Blanche P, Williams PT, Krauss RM Change in dietary saturated fat intake is correlated with change in mass of large low-density-lipoprotein particles in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1998 May;67(5):828-36
Williams PT. Coronary heart disease risk factors of vigorously active sexagenarians and septuagenarians. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998 46: 134-142
Williams PT. Relationships of heart disease risk factors to exercise quantity and intensity Archives of Internal Medicine 1998, 158:237-245
Williams PT. Relationship of distance run per week to coronary heart disease risk factors in 9,920 male runners. The National Runners' Health Study. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157:191-198.
Williams PT. Deviations from Maximum Weight Predict High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Runners: The National Runners' Health Study. International Journal of Obesity 1997, 21 :6-13
Williams PT. Dose of exercise and health benefit. Arch Intern Med 1997 157:1774-1776
Williams PT. Evidence for the incompatibility of age-neutral overweight and age-neutral physical activity standards from runners. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997; 65:1391-6
Williams PT, Dreon DM, Blanche PJ, Krauss RM Variability of plasma high-density lipoprotein subclass concentrations in men and women over time Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1997; 17:702-706.
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. LDL subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a low-fat, high carbohydrate diet in women. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1997; 17:707-715.
Williams PT , Krauss RM. Associations of age, adiposity, menopause and alcohol intake with low-density lipoprotein subclasses. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1997;17:1082-1090.
Williams PT. Interactive effects of exercise, alcohol and vegetarian diet on coronary heart disease risk factors in 9,242 runners. The National Runners' Health Study American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997, 66:1197-1206.
Williams PT. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors for coronary heart disease in female runners. New Engl J Med 1996; 334:1298-1303.
Williams PT, Dreon DM, Krauss RM. The effects of dietary fat on high-density lipoprotein subclasses are affected by both apolipoprotein E isoforms and low-density lipoprotein subclass pattern. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1234-1240 (1995)
Williams PT, Haskell WL, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM, The associations of high-density lipoprotein subclasses with insulin and glucose levels, physical activity, resting heart rate, and regional adiposity in men with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP) baseline survey Metabolism 44:106-114 (1995)
Williams PT, Dreon DM, Krauss RM. The effects of dietary fat on high-density lipoprotein subclasses are affected by both apolipoprotein E isoforms and low-density lipoprotein subclass pattern. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1234-1240 (1995)
Williams PT. Physical activity and health. JAMA 274: 533-4, 1995 (letter)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Stefanick ML, Vranizan KM, Wood PDS. Effects of low-fat diet, calorie restriction and running on lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in moderately overweight men. Metabolism 43:655-663 (1994).
Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM, Maron DJ, Mackey SF, Superko HR, Williams PT, Johnston IM, Champaign MA, Krauss RM, Farquhar JW. The effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with Coronary Artery Disease: The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP) Circulation 89: 975-990 (1994)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Stefanick ML, Vranizan KM, Wood PDS. Effects of weight loss by exercise or by dieting on plasma high density lipoprotein levels in men with low, intermediate and normal-to-high HDL at baseline. Metabolism 43:917-924 (1994)
Superko, HR, Bortz W, Williams PT, Wood PD. Effects of cessation of caffeinated coffee consumption on ambulatory and resting blood pressure in men Am J Cardiol 73: 780-784 (1994)
Williams PT, Austin MA, Krauss RM. Variations in high-density lipoprotein subclasses during the menstrual cycle Metabolism 43:1348-1441 (1994)
Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Austin MA, Krauss RM. Associations of age, adiposity, alcohol intake, menstrual status and estrogen therapy with high-density lipoprotein subclasses. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 13: 1654-1661 (1993).
Williams PT. Muscle fiber composition and lipoproteins Atheriosclerosis 98: 251-252, 1993
Krauss RM, Williams PT, Blanche P, Cavanaugh A, Holl L, Austin M. Lipoprotein subclasses in genetic studies: The Berkeley Data Set. Gen Epid 10: 523-528 (1993)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Wood PD. Effects of weight loss by exercise and by diet on apolipoprotein A-I and A-II and the particle size distribution of high density lipoproteins in men. Metabolism 41: 441-449 (1992)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Stefanick ML, Wood PD, Lindgren FT. Associations of lipoprotein and apolipoproteins with gradient gel electrophoresis estimates of high-density lipoproteins in men and women Arteriosclerosis 12: 332-340 (1992)
Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM. Correlations between plasma lipoprotein concentrations and low-density lipoprotein subfractions by particle diameter in men and women. J Lipid Res 33: 765-774 (1992)
Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Austin MA, Krauss RM. Familial correlations of high-density lipoprotein subclasses based on gradient gel electrophoresis. Arteriosclerosis 12: 1467-1474 (1992)
Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Haskell WL. The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a weight-reducing diet, with and without exercise, in overweight men and women. NEJM 325: 461-466 (1991)
Superko, HR, Bortz W, Williams PT, Albers JJ, Wood PD. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee effects on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and lipase activity: a controlled randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 54: 599-605 (1991)
Williams PT, Albers JJ, Krauss RM, Wood PD Associations of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (L:CAT) mass concentrations with exercise, weight loss, and plasma lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in men Arteriosclerosis 82: 53-58 (1990)
Williams PT. Weight-set point and the high-density lipoprotein concentrations of long-distance runners. Metabolism 39:460-467 (1990)
Williams PT. Weight-set point theory predicts high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in previously obese marathon runners Int J Obesity 14: 421-427 (1990)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Wood PD. Changes in lipoprotein subfractions during diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss in moderately overweight men. Circulation 81: 1293-1304 (1990)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Nichols AV, Vranizan KM, Wood PDS. Identifying the predominant peak of the high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins by electrophoresis J Lipid Res 31:1131-1139 (1990)
Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Flora JA, Taylor CB, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Maccoby N, Wood PD. The Stanford Five City Project. Effects of community-wide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA 264:359-365 (1990)
Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon D, Frey-Hewitt B, Garay SC, Williams PT, Superko HR, Fortmann SP, Albers JJ, Vranizan KM, Ellsworth NM, Terry RB, Haskell WL. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise NEJM 319: 1173-1179 (1989)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Terry RB, Wood PDS. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on plasma low-density-lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in men Atherosclerosis 9: 623-632 (1989)
Krauss RM, Williams PT, Lindgren FT, Wood PD. Coordinate changes in levels of human serum low and high density lipoprotein subclasses in healthy men. Arteriosclerosis 8:155-162 (1988)
Dreon DM, Frey-Hewitt B, Ellsworth N, Williams PT, Terry RB, Wood PD. Associations of diet and obesity in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr 47: 995-1000 (1988)
Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Williams PT, Kelsey SF, Brensike J, Vranizan KM, Detre KM, Levy RI: Intermediate density lipoproteins and coronary artery disease progression in hypercholesterolemic men. Lancet 2: 62-66 (1987)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Kindel S, Dreon D, Vranizan KM, Wood PDS. Relationship of dietary fat and protein intake to atherogenic lipoproteins in men. Am J Clin Nutr 44: 788-797 (1987)
Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Krauss RM, Terry RB, Vranizan KM, Wood PD. Relationships of plasma estradiol, testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin with lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and HDL subfractions in men. J Clin Endrocrinol and Metab 64: 723-729 (1987)
Williams PT, Fortmann SP, Terry RB, Garay SC, Vranizan KM, Ellsworth N, Wood PD: Associations of dietary fat, regional adiposity, and blood pressure in men. JAMA 257:3251-3256 (1987)
Williams PT, Karlin S, Farquhar JW. Permutation analyses of familial association arrays for lipoprotein concentrations in families of the Stanford Five City Project. Am J Epidemiol 126: 1126-40 (1987)
Fortmann SP, Haskell WL, Williams PT: Changes in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol after changes in cigarette use. Amer J Epidemiol 124: 706-710 (1986)
Fortmann SP, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Varady AN, Hulley SB, Farquhar JW. Community surveillance of cardiovascular diseases in the Stanford Five City Project. Methods and initial experience. Am J Epidemiol 123: 656-669 (1986)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Wood PD, Lindgren FT, Giotas C, Vranizan K: Lipoprotein subfractions of runners and sedentary men. Metabolism 35: 45-52 (1986)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Carmelli D, Cameron E. Permutation methods for the structured exploratory data analysis of total cholesterol measured in five Israeli populations. Am J Epidemiol 122: 163-186 (1985)
Williams PT, Wood PD, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Garay SC, Taylor CB: Coffee intake and elevated cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in men. JAMA 253:1407-1411 (1985)
Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Maccoby N, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Flora JA, Taylor CB, Brown BW, Solomon DS, Hulley SB: The Stanford Five City Project: Design and methods. Am J Epidemiol 122: 323-334 (1985)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Wood PD, Albers JJ, Dreon D, Ellsworth N. Associations of diet and alcohol intake with high-density lipoprotein subclasses. Metabolism 34: 524-530 (1985)
Camargo CA, Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Wood PD. The effects of cessation and resumption of moderate alcohol intake on serum apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. JAMA 253: 2854-2857 (1985)
Williams PT, Haskell WL, Vranizan KM, Blair SN, Krauss RM, Superko RM, Albers JJ, Frey-Hewitt B, Wood PD. Associations of resting heart rate with the lipoprotein subfraction concentrations of middle-aged men. Circulation 71: 441-449 (1985)
Haskell WL, Camargo C, Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Wood PD. The effect of cessation and resumption of moderate alcohol intake on serum high density lipoprotein subfractions. A controlled study. New Engl J Med 310: 805-810 (1984)
Wood PD, Williams PT, Haskell WL: Physical activity and high density lipoproteins. Clinical and Metabolic Aspects of High Density Lipoproteins (NE Miller and GJ Miller, eds). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp 133-165, 1984.
Karlin S, Williams PT. Permutation methods for the structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) of nuclear family data. Am J. Hum Genet 36:873-898 (1984)
Karlin S, Williams PT: Discussion: Recent developments in SEDA. Genetic Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease. Past, present, and future (DC Rao, et al, eds) Alan R Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 317-323, 1984.
Karlin S, Cameron EC, Carmelli D, Williams PT: Letter to the editor: Misconceptions in "Trials of exploratory data analysis". Am J Hum Genet 35: 534-540 (1983)
Karlin S, Chakraborty R, Williams PT, Mathew S: Application of the structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) for determining mode of inheritance to finger ridge-count variables. I. Major gene index, midparental correlation, and offspring-between-parents function in 125 South Indian families. Am J Phys Anthro 62: 377-396 (1983).
Karlin S, Williams PT, Chakraborty R, Mathew S: Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) of finger ridge-count inheritance. II. Association arrays in parent-offspring and sib-sib pairs. Am J Phy Anthro 62: 397-407 (1983)
Wood PD, Haskell WL, Blair SN, Williams PT, Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Albers JJ, Ho PH, Farquhar JW: Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Metabolism 32: 31-39 (1983)
Williams PT, Wood PD, Krauss RM, Haskell WL, Vranizan KM, Blair SN, Terry R, Farquhar JW: Does weight loss cause the exercise induced increase in plasma high-density lipoproteins? Atherosclerosis 47:173-185 (1983)
Gordon EP, Schnittger I, Fitzgerald PJ, Williams PT, Popp RL: Reproducibility of left ventricular volumns by two-dimentional echocardiography. J Am College Cardiology 2: 506-513 (1983).
Fortmann SP, Williams PT, Hulley SB, Maccoby N, Farquhar JW: Does dietary health education reach only the privileged? An answer from the Stanford Three Community Study. Circulation 66: 77-82 (1982)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Farquhar JW, Barrett-Connor E, Hoover J, Wahl PW, Haskell WL, Bergelin RO, Suarez L: Association Arrays for the study of familial height, weight, lipid and lipoprotein similarity in three West Coast populations. Am J Epidemiol 116: 1001-1021 (1982).
Karlin S, Carmelli D, Friedlander Y, Williams PT, Cohen T, Stein Y: Association arrays for comparing total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride similarity in the Israeli population by country of origin. Am J Epidemiol 116: 1022-1032 (1982).
Williams PT, Wood PD, Haskell WL, Vranizan KM: The effects of running mileage and duration on plasma lipoprotein levels. JAMA 247: 2674-2679, (1982)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Jensen S, Farquhar JW: Genetic analysis of the Stanford LRC family study data: I.Structured exploratory data analysis of height and weight measurements. Am J Epidemiol 113: 307-324 (1981)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Haskell WL, Wood PD: Genetic analysis of the Stanford LRC family study data: II. Structured exploratory data analysis of lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Epidemiol 113: 325-337 (1981)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Carmelli D: Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) for determining mode of inheritance of quantitative traits: I. Simulation studies of the effect of background distributions. Am J Hum Genet 33: 262-281 (1981)
Karlin S, Williams PT: Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) for determining mode of inheritance of quantitative traits: II. Simulation studies of the effect of ascertaining families through high-valued probands. Am J Hum Genet 33: 282-291 (1981)
Karlin S, Cameron EC, Williams PT: Sibling and parent-offspring correlation estimation with variable family size. Proc Natl Acad Sci 78: 2664-2668 (1981)
Williams PT, Fortmann SP, Farquhar JW, Varady A, Mellon S: A comparison of statistical methods for evaluating risk factor changes in community-based studies: An example from the Stanford Three Community Study. J Chron Dis 34: 565-571 (1981)
Fortmann SP, Williams PT, Hulley SB, Haskell WL: Effect of health education on dietary behavior: The Stanford Three Community Study. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 2030-2038, 1981.
Gillum RF, Williams PT, Sondik E: Some considerations for the planning of total community prevention trials - When is sample size adequate? J Comm Health 5: 270-278 (1980)
Vodak PA, Wood PD, Haskell WL, Williams PT: HDL-cholesterol and other plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in middle-aged male and female tennis players. Metabolism 29: 745-752 (1980)
Thompson PD, Stern MP, Williams PT, Duncan K, Haskell WL, Wood PD: Death during jogging or running. JAMA 242: 1265-1267 (1979)
Physical activity appears to reduce the risk of heart disease in men. Current physical activity guidelines emphasize the benefits of moderate amounts of moderately intense activity. Such activities expend 3 to 6 times more calories than sitting at rest.
Vigorously intense activity on the other hand, such as running, expends over six times as many calories as sitting at rest. To better understand the health effects of vigorous exercise, we examined the dose-response relationships between reported distance ran per week and heart disease risk factors in 8,290 men who participated in the National Runners' Health Study. The risk factors were obtained from medical records provided by the runners' physicians.
This graph shows how high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol is related to reported weekly distance ran. The height of the bar represents the average HDL-cholesterol level of men who had been grouped by their distance ran per week. The men's HDL-cholesterol concentrations increased significantly in association with each 10 mile increment in running distance between 0 and 49 miles ran per week.
Plasma HDL-cholesterol at levels of 60 mg/dL or more has been recognized by the National Cholesterol Education Program as providing some protection from heart attacks. In fact, it is sufficiently protective to eliminate the detrimental affects of one risk factor (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking, family history of premature heart disease, or being male over 45 years old). Compared to running under 10 miles per week, running over 40 miles per week was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in the percentage of men having high HDL-cholesterol (see graph on left). The proportion of men with this protective level increased significantly for each 10 mile increment in weekly mileage up to 49 miles per week.
The National Cholesterol Education Program has identified HDL-cholesterol of 35 mg/dL or less as a risk factor for heart attacks. The percentage of men with clinically-defined low HDL-cholesterol was six-fold greater in the lowest mileage group as compared to the highest mileage group (graph on right).
Fat in the blood is carried principally in the form of triglycerides. Higher plasma triglyceride levels are associated with increased heart disease risk. The figure at the left shows that running more miles was associated with significantly lower triglyceride levels.
The graph to the right displays the percentage of men who are hyperlipidemic. These were men who had either a high-risk low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level (over 160 mg/dL) or had reported taking cholesterol-lowering medications. Not only was running 50 or more miles per week associated with a 50% reduction in hyperlipidemia, but medication use for control of plasma cholesterol was also reduced significantly with mileage.
As seen in the graph, running over 50 miles per week was associated with nearly 50% less hypertension and 70% less use of medications for blood pressure control.
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of a person's weight compared to their height. It is widely used in epidemiological studies when a direct measurement of a person's fat is not available. It is calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of a person's height (in meters). A BMI of 25 or less is desirable, 25-30 is moderately overweight, and 30 or more is considered severely overweight. The graph on the right shows that men who ran a greater weekly distance were leaner.
Higher mileage runners also had narrower waists.
The graph to the right assesses the estimated impact of improved lipoprotein and blood pressure levels on the risk of a heart attack over a ten year period. There is a significant reduction in the predicted number of attacks with increasing weekly mileage. Estimated heart attack risk decreased significantly with each 10 mile increment in weekly distance up to 50 miles per week. Over the next ten years, men who run 40 or more miles per week are estimated to have 30 percent less risk of coronary heart disease (42 events per thousand men) than those who run less than 10 miles per week (61 events per thousand men).
Related Studies:
Williams PT. Health effects resulting from exercise versus those from body fat loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6 Suppl):S611-21
Williams PT. Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:754-61
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM Reduced LDL particle size in children consuming a very-low-fat diet is related to parental LDL-subclass pattern. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1611-1616
Williams PT, Krauss RM Low-fat diets, lipoprotein subclasses, and heart disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:992-1000 (Editorial)
Williams PT Lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity. JAMA 1999;282:1515 (letter)
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM A very low-fat diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large, low-density lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 411-8
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Campos H, Blanche P, Williams PT, Krauss RM Change in dietary saturated fat intake is correlated with change in mass of large low-density-lipoprotein particles in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1998 May;67(5):828-36
Williams PT. Coronary heart disease risk factors of vigorously active sexagenarians and septuagenarians. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998 46: 134-142
Williams PT. Relationships of heart disease risk factors to exercise quantity and intensity Archives of Internal Medicine 1998, 158:237-245
Williams PT. Relationship of distance run per week to coronary heart disease risk factors in 9,920 male runners. The National Runners' Health Study. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157:191-198.
Williams PT. Deviations from Maximum Weight Predict High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Runners: The National Runners' Health Study. International Journal of Obesity 1997, 21 :6-13
Williams PT. Dose of exercise and health benefit. Arch Intern Med 1997 157:1774-1776
Williams PT. Evidence for the incompatibility of age-neutral overweight and age-neutral physical activity standards from runners. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997; 65:1391-6
Williams PT, Dreon DM, Blanche PJ, Krauss RM Variability of plasma high-density lipoprotein subclass concentrations in men and women over time Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1997; 17:702-706.
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. LDL subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a low-fat, high carbohydrate diet in women. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1997; 17:707-715.
Williams PT , Krauss RM. Associations of age, adiposity, menopause and alcohol intake with low-density lipoprotein subclasses. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1997;17:1082-1090.
Williams PT. Interactive effects of exercise, alcohol and vegetarian diet on coronary heart disease risk factors in 9,242 runners. The National Runners' Health Study American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997, 66:1197-1206.
Williams PT. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors for coronary heart disease in female runners. New Engl J Med 1996; 334:1298-1303.
Williams PT, Dreon DM, Krauss RM. The effects of dietary fat on high-density lipoprotein subclasses are affected by both apolipoprotein E isoforms and low-density lipoprotein subclass pattern. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1234-1240 (1995)
Williams PT, Haskell WL, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM, The associations of high-density lipoprotein subclasses with insulin and glucose levels, physical activity, resting heart rate, and regional adiposity in men with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP) baseline survey Metabolism 44:106-114 (1995)
Williams PT, Dreon DM, Krauss RM. The effects of dietary fat on high-density lipoprotein subclasses are affected by both apolipoprotein E isoforms and low-density lipoprotein subclass pattern. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1234-1240 (1995)
Williams PT. Physical activity and health. JAMA 274: 533-4, 1995 (letter)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Stefanick ML, Vranizan KM, Wood PDS. Effects of low-fat diet, calorie restriction and running on lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in moderately overweight men. Metabolism 43:655-663 (1994).
Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM, Maron DJ, Mackey SF, Superko HR, Williams PT, Johnston IM, Champaign MA, Krauss RM, Farquhar JW. The effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with Coronary Artery Disease: The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP) Circulation 89: 975-990 (1994)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Stefanick ML, Vranizan KM, Wood PDS. Effects of weight loss by exercise or by dieting on plasma high density lipoprotein levels in men with low, intermediate and normal-to-high HDL at baseline. Metabolism 43:917-924 (1994)
Superko, HR, Bortz W, Williams PT, Wood PD. Effects of cessation of caffeinated coffee consumption on ambulatory and resting blood pressure in men Am J Cardiol 73: 780-784 (1994)
Williams PT, Austin MA, Krauss RM. Variations in high-density lipoprotein subclasses during the menstrual cycle Metabolism 43:1348-1441 (1994)
Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Austin MA, Krauss RM. Associations of age, adiposity, alcohol intake, menstrual status and estrogen therapy with high-density lipoprotein subclasses. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 13: 1654-1661 (1993).
Williams PT. Muscle fiber composition and lipoproteins Atheriosclerosis 98: 251-252, 1993
Krauss RM, Williams PT, Blanche P, Cavanaugh A, Holl L, Austin M. Lipoprotein subclasses in genetic studies: The Berkeley Data Set. Gen Epid 10: 523-528 (1993)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Wood PD. Effects of weight loss by exercise and by diet on apolipoprotein A-I and A-II and the particle size distribution of high density lipoproteins in men. Metabolism 41: 441-449 (1992)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Stefanick ML, Wood PD, Lindgren FT. Associations of lipoprotein and apolipoproteins with gradient gel electrophoresis estimates of high-density lipoproteins in men and women Arteriosclerosis 12: 332-340 (1992)
Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM. Correlations between plasma lipoprotein concentrations and low-density lipoprotein subfractions by particle diameter in men and women. J Lipid Res 33: 765-774 (1992)
Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Austin MA, Krauss RM. Familial correlations of high-density lipoprotein subclasses based on gradient gel electrophoresis. Arteriosclerosis 12: 1467-1474 (1992)
Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Haskell WL. The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a weight-reducing diet, with and without exercise, in overweight men and women. NEJM 325: 461-466 (1991)
Superko, HR, Bortz W, Williams PT, Albers JJ, Wood PD. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee effects on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and lipase activity: a controlled randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 54: 599-605 (1991)
Williams PT, Albers JJ, Krauss RM, Wood PD Associations of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (L:CAT) mass concentrations with exercise, weight loss, and plasma lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in men Arteriosclerosis 82: 53-58 (1990)
Williams PT. Weight-set point and the high-density lipoprotein concentrations of long-distance runners. Metabolism 39:460-467 (1990)
Williams PT. Weight-set point theory predicts high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in previously obese marathon runners Int J Obesity 14: 421-427 (1990)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Wood PD. Changes in lipoprotein subfractions during diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss in moderately overweight men. Circulation 81: 1293-1304 (1990)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Nichols AV, Vranizan KM, Wood PDS. Identifying the predominant peak of the high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins by electrophoresis J Lipid Res 31:1131-1139 (1990)
Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Flora JA, Taylor CB, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Maccoby N, Wood PD. The Stanford Five City Project. Effects of community-wide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA 264:359-365 (1990)
Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon D, Frey-Hewitt B, Garay SC, Williams PT, Superko HR, Fortmann SP, Albers JJ, Vranizan KM, Ellsworth NM, Terry RB, Haskell WL. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise NEJM 319: 1173-1179 (1989)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Terry RB, Wood PDS. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on plasma low-density-lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in men Atherosclerosis 9: 623-632 (1989)
Krauss RM, Williams PT, Lindgren FT, Wood PD. Coordinate changes in levels of human serum low and high density lipoprotein subclasses in healthy men. Arteriosclerosis 8:155-162 (1988)
Dreon DM, Frey-Hewitt B, Ellsworth N, Williams PT, Terry RB, Wood PD. Associations of diet and obesity in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr 47: 995-1000 (1988)
Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Williams PT, Kelsey SF, Brensike J, Vranizan KM, Detre KM, Levy RI: Intermediate density lipoproteins and coronary artery disease progression in hypercholesterolemic men. Lancet 2: 62-66 (1987)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Kindel S, Dreon D, Vranizan KM, Wood PDS. Relationship of dietary fat and protein intake to atherogenic lipoproteins in men. Am J Clin Nutr 44: 788-797 (1987)
Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Krauss RM, Terry RB, Vranizan KM, Wood PD. Relationships of plasma estradiol, testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin with lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and HDL subfractions in men. J Clin Endrocrinol and Metab 64: 723-729 (1987)
Williams PT, Fortmann SP, Terry RB, Garay SC, Vranizan KM, Ellsworth N, Wood PD: Associations of dietary fat, regional adiposity, and blood pressure in men. JAMA 257:3251-3256 (1987)
Williams PT, Karlin S, Farquhar JW. Permutation analyses of familial association arrays for lipoprotein concentrations in families of the Stanford Five City Project. Am J Epidemiol 126: 1126-40 (1987)
Fortmann SP, Haskell WL, Williams PT: Changes in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol after changes in cigarette use. Amer J Epidemiol 124: 706-710 (1986)
Fortmann SP, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Varady AN, Hulley SB, Farquhar JW. Community surveillance of cardiovascular diseases in the Stanford Five City Project. Methods and initial experience. Am J Epidemiol 123: 656-669 (1986)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Wood PD, Lindgren FT, Giotas C, Vranizan K: Lipoprotein subfractions of runners and sedentary men. Metabolism 35: 45-52 (1986)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Carmelli D, Cameron E. Permutation methods for the structured exploratory data analysis of total cholesterol measured in five Israeli populations. Am J Epidemiol 122: 163-186 (1985)
Williams PT, Wood PD, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Garay SC, Taylor CB: Coffee intake and elevated cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in men. JAMA 253:1407-1411 (1985)
Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Maccoby N, Haskell WL, Williams PT, Flora JA, Taylor CB, Brown BW, Solomon DS, Hulley SB: The Stanford Five City Project: Design and methods. Am J Epidemiol 122: 323-334 (1985)
Williams PT, Krauss RM, Wood PD, Albers JJ, Dreon D, Ellsworth N. Associations of diet and alcohol intake with high-density lipoprotein subclasses. Metabolism 34: 524-530 (1985)
Camargo CA, Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Albers JJ, Wood PD. The effects of cessation and resumption of moderate alcohol intake on serum apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. JAMA 253: 2854-2857 (1985)
Williams PT, Haskell WL, Vranizan KM, Blair SN, Krauss RM, Superko RM, Albers JJ, Frey-Hewitt B, Wood PD. Associations of resting heart rate with the lipoprotein subfraction concentrations of middle-aged men. Circulation 71: 441-449 (1985)
Haskell WL, Camargo C, Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Wood PD. The effect of cessation and resumption of moderate alcohol intake on serum high density lipoprotein subfractions. A controlled study. New Engl J Med 310: 805-810 (1984)
Wood PD, Williams PT, Haskell WL: Physical activity and high density lipoproteins. Clinical and Metabolic Aspects of High Density Lipoproteins (NE Miller and GJ Miller, eds). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp 133-165, 1984.
Karlin S, Williams PT. Permutation methods for the structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) of nuclear family data. Am J. Hum Genet 36:873-898 (1984)
Karlin S, Williams PT: Discussion: Recent developments in SEDA. Genetic Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease. Past, present, and future (DC Rao, et al, eds) Alan R Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 317-323, 1984.
Karlin S, Cameron EC, Carmelli D, Williams PT: Letter to the editor: Misconceptions in "Trials of exploratory data analysis". Am J Hum Genet 35: 534-540 (1983)
Karlin S, Chakraborty R, Williams PT, Mathew S: Application of the structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) for determining mode of inheritance to finger ridge-count variables. I. Major gene index, midparental correlation, and offspring-between-parents function in 125 South Indian families. Am J Phys Anthro 62: 377-396 (1983).
Karlin S, Williams PT, Chakraborty R, Mathew S: Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) of finger ridge-count inheritance. II. Association arrays in parent-offspring and sib-sib pairs. Am J Phy Anthro 62: 397-407 (1983)
Wood PD, Haskell WL, Blair SN, Williams PT, Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Albers JJ, Ho PH, Farquhar JW: Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Metabolism 32: 31-39 (1983)
Williams PT, Wood PD, Krauss RM, Haskell WL, Vranizan KM, Blair SN, Terry R, Farquhar JW: Does weight loss cause the exercise induced increase in plasma high-density lipoproteins? Atherosclerosis 47:173-185 (1983)
Gordon EP, Schnittger I, Fitzgerald PJ, Williams PT, Popp RL: Reproducibility of left ventricular volumns by two-dimentional echocardiography. J Am College Cardiology 2: 506-513 (1983).
Fortmann SP, Williams PT, Hulley SB, Maccoby N, Farquhar JW: Does dietary health education reach only the privileged? An answer from the Stanford Three Community Study. Circulation 66: 77-82 (1982)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Farquhar JW, Barrett-Connor E, Hoover J, Wahl PW, Haskell WL, Bergelin RO, Suarez L: Association Arrays for the study of familial height, weight, lipid and lipoprotein similarity in three West Coast populations. Am J Epidemiol 116: 1001-1021 (1982).
Karlin S, Carmelli D, Friedlander Y, Williams PT, Cohen T, Stein Y: Association arrays for comparing total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride similarity in the Israeli population by country of origin. Am J Epidemiol 116: 1022-1032 (1982).
Williams PT, Wood PD, Haskell WL, Vranizan KM: The effects of running mileage and duration on plasma lipoprotein levels. JAMA 247: 2674-2679, (1982)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Jensen S, Farquhar JW: Genetic analysis of the Stanford LRC family study data: I.Structured exploratory data analysis of height and weight measurements. Am J Epidemiol 113: 307-324 (1981)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Haskell WL, Wood PD: Genetic analysis of the Stanford LRC family study data: II. Structured exploratory data analysis of lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Epidemiol 113: 325-337 (1981)
Karlin S, Williams PT, Carmelli D: Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) for determining mode of inheritance of quantitative traits: I. Simulation studies of the effect of background distributions. Am J Hum Genet 33: 262-281 (1981)
Karlin S, Williams PT: Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) for determining mode of inheritance of quantitative traits: II. Simulation studies of the effect of ascertaining families through high-valued probands. Am J Hum Genet 33: 282-291 (1981)
Karlin S, Cameron EC, Williams PT: Sibling and parent-offspring correlation estimation with variable family size. Proc Natl Acad Sci 78: 2664-2668 (1981)
Williams PT, Fortmann SP, Farquhar JW, Varady A, Mellon S: A comparison of statistical methods for evaluating risk factor changes in community-based studies: An example from the Stanford Three Community Study. J Chron Dis 34: 565-571 (1981)
Fortmann SP, Williams PT, Hulley SB, Haskell WL: Effect of health education on dietary behavior: The Stanford Three Community Study. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 2030-2038, 1981.
Gillum RF, Williams PT, Sondik E: Some considerations for the planning of total community prevention trials - When is sample size adequate? J Comm Health 5: 270-278 (1980)
Vodak PA, Wood PD, Haskell WL, Williams PT: HDL-cholesterol and other plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in middle-aged male and female tennis players. Metabolism 29: 745-752 (1980)
Thompson PD, Stern MP, Williams PT, Duncan K, Haskell WL, Wood PD: Death during jogging or running. JAMA 242: 1265-1267 (1979)